Phosphogypsum circular economy considerations: A critical review from more than 65 storage sites worldwide
Essaid Bilal
(1, 2)
,
Hajar Bellefqih
(1, 2)
,
Véronique Bourgier
(1, 2)
,
Hamid Mazouz
(3)
,
Delia-Georgeta Dumitraş
(4, 5)
,
Frédéric Bard
(1, 2)
,
Marie Laborde
(1, 2, 6)
,
Jean Pierre Caspar
(7)
,
Bernard Guilhot
(1, 2)
,
Elena-Luisa Iatan,
(1, 2, 8, 9)
,
Moussa Bounakhla
(10)
,
Măruţa Aurora Iancu
(4, 5)
,
Stefan Marincea
(4, 5)
,
Meriem Essakhraoui
(11, 12)
,
Binlin Li
(13, 14)
,
Reymar D. Diwa
(15, 16)
,
Jennyvi D. Ramirez
(15, 16)
,
Yelizaveta Chernysh
(17, 18, 19, 20)
,
Viktoriia Chubur
(19, 21)
,
Hynek Roubík
(19, 22)
,
Horst Schmidt
(23, 24)
,
Redouane Beniazza
(25, 26, 27)
,
Carlos Ruiz Cánovas
(28, 29)
,
José Miguel Nieto
(28, 29)
,
Nils Haneklaus
(30, 31, 32)
1
SPIN-ENSMSE -
Centre Sciences des Processus Industriels et Naturels
2 EVS - Environnement, Ville, Société
3 Groupe OCP
4 Geological Institute of Romania
5 Department INI
6 Cepsa Exploracion Y Produccion Slu
7 Division Lafarge Plâtre
8 Institute of Geodynamics of the Romanian Academy
9 Institute of Geodynamics Sabba S. Stefanescu
10 CNESTEN - Centre National de l'Energie des Sciences et des Techniques Nucléaires
11 UCD - Université Chouaib Doukkali
12 Faculté des Sciences [El Jadida. Maroc]
13 Yunnan Agricultural University
14 College of Economics and Management
15 DOST-PNRI - Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (DOST-PNRI)
16 Department of Science and Technology
17 Sumy State University
18 Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection Technologies
19 CZU - Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
20 Department of Sustainable Technologies
21 Department of Sustainable Technologies
22 Department of Sustainable Technologies
23 Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg
24 Institute of Chemical Technology
25 HTMR - High Throughput Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory
26 IST&I - Institute of Science, Technology & Innovation
27 UM6P - Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique [Ben Guerir]
28 Department of Earth Sciences & Research Center on Natural Resources
29 Universidad de Huelva
30 Freiberg University of Mining and Technology
31 Institute of Chemical Technology
32 SMR Td-Lab - Td Lab Sustainable Mineral Resources
2 EVS - Environnement, Ville, Société
3 Groupe OCP
4 Geological Institute of Romania
5 Department INI
6 Cepsa Exploracion Y Produccion Slu
7 Division Lafarge Plâtre
8 Institute of Geodynamics of the Romanian Academy
9 Institute of Geodynamics Sabba S. Stefanescu
10 CNESTEN - Centre National de l'Energie des Sciences et des Techniques Nucléaires
11 UCD - Université Chouaib Doukkali
12 Faculté des Sciences [El Jadida. Maroc]
13 Yunnan Agricultural University
14 College of Economics and Management
15 DOST-PNRI - Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (DOST-PNRI)
16 Department of Science and Technology
17 Sumy State University
18 Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection Technologies
19 CZU - Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
20 Department of Sustainable Technologies
21 Department of Sustainable Technologies
22 Department of Sustainable Technologies
23 Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg
24 Institute of Chemical Technology
25 HTMR - High Throughput Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory
26 IST&I - Institute of Science, Technology & Innovation
27 UM6P - Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique [Ben Guerir]
28 Department of Earth Sciences & Research Center on Natural Resources
29 Universidad de Huelva
30 Freiberg University of Mining and Technology
31 Institute of Chemical Technology
32 SMR Td-Lab - Td Lab Sustainable Mineral Resources
Essaid Bilal
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- Function : Correspondent author
- PersonId : 17270
- IdHAL : essaid-bilal
- ORCID : 0000-0003-4911-9195
- IdRef : 068642253
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Frédéric Bard
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 911893
Bernard Guilhot
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 830487
Moussa Bounakhla
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1089727
José Miguel Nieto
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1194235
- ORCID : 0000-0002-0086-252X
Nils Haneklaus
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- Function : Correspondent author
- PersonId : 1118082
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Abstract
Nearly 300 million t of phosphogypsum (PG) are produced every year as a byproduct from phosphate fertilizer production worldwide. Approximately 58% of the PG are stacked, 28% are discharged in coastal waters and only 14% are further processed. This critical review provides an overview of the physical-chemical properties of PG produced from sedimentary and magmatic phosphate ore worldwide using various analytical tools. Results from more than 25 years of work on PG at École des Mines de Saint-Étienne are presented and critically discussed. In total PG samples from 67 industrial storage sites around the world and PG samples synthesized under different conditions in the laboratory have been considered. The low radioactivity present in PG (particularly PG produced from sedimentary phosphate rock) was identified as the main challenge to using PG as a raw material in construction. Water-soluble and volatile chemical compounds were identified as the main challenge to environmentally sound PG management. Although PG does (in most cases) not pose an immediate threat to the environment the authors recommend processing all PG instead of storing or disposing it, to eliminate potential long-term risks and utilize a relevant secondary resource.
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