Boehmite nanoparticles (NP) can be used as a vector for vaccines, replacing conventional adjuvants but also in industry as abrasives, catalysts, substrates for electronic circuits, refractory materials. Thus, the boehmite NP constitutes a good model of study taking into account its various applications: in the industry as well as in the nanomedecine field. This important use of boehmite NP makes particular interest of the evaluation of its potential toxicity. Some toxicological works have been yet performed, the health risk induced by boehmite NP is still not completely characterized. Nevertheless, some authors have shown from In vitro experiments that the boehmite can cause an inflammation characterized by production of IL-8 and a certain cytotoxicity associated with a LDH release. As a result, the boehmite NP must be considered as potential risk factors for health.